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1841 by, the caudillo paradigm A caudillo ( Spanish pronunciation:;: cabdillo, from capitellum, diminutive of caput 'head') was a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power. There is no precise definition of caudillo, which is often used interchangeably with ' and '. The term is historically associated with Spain, and with after virtually all of that region won independence in the early nineteenth century. The term is often used pejoratively by critics of a regime. However, Spain's General (r. 1939–1975) proudly took the title as his own during and after his military overthrow of the in the (1936–39), in parallel to the German and Italian equivalents of the same period: and.

Spanish censors during his rule attacked publishers who applied the term to Hispanic American strongmen. Caudillos' exercise of power is a form considered.

Most societies have had personalist leaders at times, but Hispanic America has had many more, the of whom were not self-described caudillos. However, scholars have applied the term to a variety of Hispanic American leaders. The roots of caudillismo may be tied to the framework of rule in medieval and early modern Spain during the from the. Spanish such as and exhibit characteristics of the caudillo, being successful military leaders, having mutual reliance of the leader and their supporters, and rewarding them for their loyalty. During the colonial era, the Spanish crown asserted its power and established a plethora of bureaucratic institutions that prevented such personalist rule.

Historian argues that the rise of caudillos in Spanish America is rooted not in the distant Spanish past but in the immediate context of the. Those wars threw off colonial rule and left a power vacuum in the early nineteenth century. Caudillos were very influential in the history of Spanish America and have a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern era.

Uruguay Caudillos in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries [ ] In the late nineteenth century, regimes in Spanish America were more stable and often less dominated by military men. Foreign investors, particularly the British, began building infrastructure in countries of greatest interest to the UK’s economic needs. Such projects included railways, telegraph lines, and port facilities, which cut transportation time and costs and sped up communications. Stable political regimes that could ensure the security of foreign investments, facilitate extraction of resources, and production of agricultural crops and animals were the necessary structures.

Industrialization also took hold in a few countries (Mexico, Argentina, Colombia) to produce consumer goods locally. In general, foreign governments and entrepreneurs had no interest in directly administering countries of Hispanic America in a formal arrangement so long as their interests could be nurtured by modernizing national governments, often seen as. There are a number of examples of in Hispanic America whereby presidents continue in office beyond the legal term limits, with constitutional revision, plebiscites, and the creation of family dynasties, such as the in Nicaragua. • Alexander, Robert J.

'Caudillos, Coroneis, and Political Bosses in Latin America.' In Presidential Power in Latin American Politics, ed. New York: Prager 1977. • Beezley, William H. 'Caudillismo: An Interpretative Note.' Journal of Inter-American Studies 11 (July 1969): 345-52.

• Collier, David, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1979. • Dealy, Glenn Cudill. The Public Man: An Interpretation of Latin America and other Catholic Countries. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1977. • Diaz, Rodolfo (2010).

'Caudillos and Constitutions'. Harvard International Review. 32 (2): 24–27. • DiTella, Torcuato S. Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Framework.

Austin: University of Texas Press 1989. • Hale, Charles A. Breaking Benjamin Breakdown Download Games on this page. 'The Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Politics in Spanish America: A Case for the History of Ideas.'

Latin American Research Review 8 (Summer 1973), 53-73. • Hamill, Hugh, ed. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992. • Humphreys, R.A. 'The Caudillo Tradition.'

In Tradition and Revolt in Latin America, 216-28. New York: Columbia University Press 1969.

• Johnson, John J. 'Foreign Factors in Dictatorship in Latin America'. Itronix Gobook Ix250 Drivers on this page. Pacific Historical Review 20 (1951) • Kern, Robert, ed. The Caciques: Oligarchical Politics and the System of Caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic World.

Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973. • Loveman, Brian. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1993. • Lynch, John, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850.

Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992. • Pleasants, Edwin Hemingway, The Caudillo: a Study in Latin-American Dictatorships. Monmouth, IL: Commercial Art Press 1959. • Smith, Peter H. 'Political Legitimacy in Spanish America' in New Approaches to Latin American History, Richard Graham and Peter Smith, eds. • Wolf, Eric R. And Edward C.

Hanson, ' Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis.' Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1966–67): 168-79. Regions and individuals [ ].